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- WORLD, Page 36VENEZUELACrackdown in Caracas
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- Austerity measures provoke an orgy of rioting and murder
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- At his Feb. 2 inauguration, President Carlos Andres Perez
- warned Venezuelans that hard times were ahead for their heavily
- indebted, oil-exporting country. Even he had no idea how hard --
- or how soon. Last week the citizens of one of Latin America's
- most stable democracies were in shock after a social explosion
- that tore apart downtown Caracas, the capital, and shattered
- the peace in at least 16 other cities. Government-imposed
- austerity measures had ignited a three-day free-for-all of
- rioting, looting and killing that left an estimated 300 people
- dead, 2,000 injured and another 2,000 in jail.
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- Venezuela had not seen such mayhem since 1958, when a
- popular insurrection toppled dictator Marcos Perez Jimenez and
- ushered in democracy. Overnight, Venezuelans faced martial-law
- restrictions, including a 6 p.m.-to-6 a.m. curfew. When the
- riots ended, severe food shortages in the capital threatened to
- stir more disquiet. The most important victim of the upheaval
- was probably President Perez himself, who had begun his second
- term in office (the first was from 1974 to 1979) with a huge
- margin of popularity. That goodwill was suddenly forgotten when
- the rattled leader failed to stop the violence with a rambling,
- sometimes angry television address. Meantime, Venezuela had
- provided the world with an ugly example of the trials Latin
- America faces in trying to step out of the debt quagmire.
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- Perez, who has long inveighed against his continent's
- onerous financial burden, had finally found austerity
- unavoidable. Venezuela owes foreign creditors, largely U.S.
- commercial banks, about $33 billion. In the 1970s, when the
- country was awash with petroleum revenues, the government that
- Perez headed spent lavishly on social-welfare projects and
- industrial schemes. But as oil prices took a dive in the 1980s,
- so did the economy, which earned 90% of export revenues from
- petroleum. Hard-pressed for cash, Venezuela last Dec. 31
- suspended payments for 90 days on the bulk of its foreign
- obligations.
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- Last month the government signed a letter of intent with the
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) in return for $4.32 billion
- in new credits through 1991. Among other things, the agreement
- promised an end to Venezuelan subsidies on an array of products,
- including imported raw materials and gasoline (at 13 cents per
- gal., perhaps the cheapest in the world). Exempted from the
- price hikes were 18 staples, including bread, rice and chicken.
- Perez also promised to raise fees for government-provided goods
- and services and to allow the bolivar to float downward on
- international currency markets, a move that would boost import
- prices.
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- With the initiation last week of the first of the new
- measures -- an increase in the price of gasoline to a still
- indulgent 25 cents, plus an average 30% hike in bus fares --
- Venezuelans went wild. In Caracas and the provinces, unruly
- mobs torched cars and buses. They quickly turned to looting
- stores, stealing everything from legs of beef to stereo
- components. Angry merchants defended their shops with gunfire
- in an orgy of crime and spontaneous punishment.
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- At 2 a.m. the following morning, Perez ordered the army and
- National Guard to occupy the capital and several other cities.
- Later that day he went on national television to announce a
- curfew and suspension of constitutional guarantees such as
- freedom of speech and assembly. In a disorganized, unimpressive
- speech, the President blamed the unrest on "subversive sectors"
- seeking to "take advantage of difficult times." "This is a
- popular protest by the people," replied Luis Fuenmayor, the
- rector of Venezuela's Central University. "To view it any other
- way is to fool oneself."
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- The chaos continued and grew uglier. A police commander was
- shot dead in West Caracas. Downtown, armored personnel carriers
- rushed fatigue-clad National Guardsmen to the myriad scenes of
- continued looting. Virtually the entire city was shut down by
- the violence.
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- By the third night, order had been restored, except for a
- few isolated areas of Caracas. Interior Minister Alejandro
- Izaguirre then announced wage increases of about $54 a month
- for some 5 million private-sector workers. Critics lambasted
- Perez for having imposed price increases before announcing the
- hikes and for signing the IMF agreement without consulting
- opposition parties or labor leaders. Perez himself struck an
- oddly optimistic note. "We managed to get out of this
- relatively well," he said, adding that austerity had to continue
- to "get Venezuela out of economic insecurity."
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- But Perez's image had been tarnished. Since his Dec. 4
- election, he had spent much of his time abroad, pursuing his
- vision of creating a united debtors' front that would stand up
- to the IMF and other creditors. Publicly, Perez disclaims any
- interest in fathering such a group, but those closest to him
- say it is his passion. At his swearing-in, the President had
- boasted of elevating Venezuela's profile in world affairs; his
- domestic troubles may now stunt those vaulting ambitions.
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- On the other hand, the Caracas affair could advance the case
- for a debtors' cartel. In the future, Perez and fellow Latin
- leaders may point to last week's carnage as a reason to avoid
- additional austerity programs. On Venezuelan streets that
- glistened with blood and broken glass, that argument looked
- sadly compelling.
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